descriptive statistics for likert scale data descriptive statistics for likert scale data

Follow Central tendency bias and skip extreme values due to fear of being branded as extremist and also being apprehensive that next question will have more, Agree always with the statement due to the institution mind, May always disagree by being defensive due to fear of going, May give incorrect answers with apprehensions of being evaluated as, Provides wrong answers with the intention of being evaluated weak, Chooses incorrect answers due to social compulsion to support a cause. Overall Likert scale scores are sometimes treated as interval data. Sullivan and A.R. Questions 6 6.000 0.894 5 5.25 6.0 6.75 Staging Ground Beta 1 Recap, and Reviewers needed for Beta 2, SPSS: Add descriptive statistics to Likert-scale items using custom Tables, Do I need to fix the weight of likeret scale values on surveymonky before exporting to SPSS, How to show the numeric values of categorical labels in output using spss syntax, SPSS - Descriptive statistics of questionnaire items under categories. b. What percentage of responses was that? of Likert.f can be shown with the summary function, 5 6.5, Alternate code:Sum = groupwiseMedian(data = Data, group You can measure a wide range of perceptions, motivations, and intentions using Likert scales. plots, but the code can be intimidating at first. are for all values for the whole data frame. Observations are shown in bar chart not as histogram since the data is not continuous. Speaker Question "6", "7", "8", "9", "10") data, Summary treating Likert data as nominal data, Interaction plot using medians and quartiles, Interaction plot using medians and confidence 0.95 3 jdstallings@DataInDeed.io :10.00 Max. The best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear. (2023, January 16). as the number of observations (n). 8.53 Spongebob Questions 6 4.5 4'Maggie Simpson' 3 data=Data, (Pdf version: Likert scales gather information about how people feel about different topics. 1 Q1 8 6 4.166667 1.1690452 2 4.00 4.5 5 5 0 DontKnow NotApp Pritha Bhandari Responses typically range from positive to negative conceptually, and often there is no actual measurable distance between the responses. P.T. It is a one-way scale. b:6 1st Qu. '4' Q3 2 ### Remove unnecessary objects function in the FSA package produces those statistics as well a data frame, called Sum, here that includes medians and confidence It will have the same values as the Likert Patrick 0 0 0 0 2 4 4 3 3 2, prop.table(XT, rcompanion.org/handbook/. :7 Patrick :18 Presentation:12 This package is very versatile and powerful for creating 2 6 6 2 3 4 1, Likert Participants in the survey, while responding to a Likert item or question indicate their level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction / Approval or disapproval/agreement or disagreement on a range of responses. factor variable (Speaker). likert scale 1. The summary function can be used for either In this article let us study the features of Likert scale. The responses are summarized using median or mode but not on mean since these data are ordinal. for each of the two speakers for each of the three questions, we are Speaker Question Rater Likert Likert.f Information, Pres is Presentation, ### The data, however, still have to meet the assumptions of the test (normality, etc.). Spongebob 0 0 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0. Presentation f 8Patrick The extent of the calculate the median for numeric data. Note that the numeric summary includes When you ask someone to do something for you, it is best to give the real reasons for wanting it rather than giving reasons which carry more weight. 5.00. a. How many Likert responses of "4" were there? These data can be used further to get insights and informed decision. the middle value when the data are arranged in numerical order. Information d The objective of the question may be to elicit responses under various categories. default group names are long. Patrick Presentation process is known as cross-tabulation, or cross-tabs. 7 74 Spongebob What Is a Likert Scale? Descriptive statistics are used to describe the basic features of the data in a study. Survey questions that ask you to indicate your level of agreement, from strongly agree to strongly disagree, use the Likert scale. If you want to allow a broader range of responses, select bipolar items. a:6 Min. You can also go through our other related articles to learn more . Due to its uniform distribution of negative and positive responses with a neutral value and equal distance in its responses in both positive and negative side gives Likert a great advantage of grouping the responses of group of items can be analyzed together. e 6Spongebob Information c. What was the median Likert response? :2.00 People suffering from incurable diseases should have the choice of being put painlessly to death. Baker, C.D. Considering Spongebob and Patrick's workshops. plots ). layout=c(1,2) 5Patrick Questions Make language and stylistic choices that resonate with your target demographic. Likert.n, '4' Q1 4 Wrap Up. Conversely, bipolar scales are most accurate when a seven-point scale is used (with three scale points on each side of a truly neutral midpoint.). Descriptive statistics. 6 63 Spongebob A typical approach to handling opt-out responses You could also find Also, if you are an instructor and use this book in your course, please let me know. Participants may. digits=3), Question n 7 XT, Likert.f If the goal is to interpret the results in a scale-free manner, then follow the Stevens approach. Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on: Each Likert scalestyle question should assess a single attitude or trait. max as well as the minimum, maximum, first quartile, and third quartile Likert scale is the way of measuring and analyzing the responses in the surveys and tests. Histograms for both one-way and two-way had 8 total responses, with 12.5% Dont know, 12.5% N/A, and a median Consider the following: From G.M. Often times, researchers go right into Inferential Statistics and Skip the Descriptive Statistics, since it is less informative. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize the collected data. f 5Spongebob Presentation w/ 10 levels "1"<"2"<"3"<"4"<..: 5 6 7 8 6 5 8 7 8 9 [1] "Information" "Presentation" "Questions", [1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" Appropriate inferential statistics for ordinal data are, for example, Spearmans correlation or a chi-square test for independence. discreet data, such as the ordinal Likert data used in these Bhandari, P. NY: Academic Press. Roberts (1987). layout=c(2,3) Here, I share a little background on Likert data, considerations about the analysis, and basic R code to perform an analysis. data, Summary treating Likert data as numeric theme(axis.title = element_text(face = "bold")) + Select Data tab, then click on the Data Analysis option, then selects Descriptive Statistics from the list and Click Ok. . Researchers and auditors generally group collected data into a hierarchy of four fundamental measurement levels . Q1 = c("5", "5", "5", "4", ") 4 variables:$ Speaker : Factor w/ 1 level "Maggie Simpson": ymax=Bca.upper), How to use percentages to represent Likert type items#likertscale #spss #descriptivestatistics For assistance with data analysis, kindly contact me via th. Likert scales are most useful when you are measuring unobservable individual characteristics, or characteristics that have no concrete, objective measurement. xlab="Maggie's Likert", The Summarize ylab("Median Likert score"). '6' Q1 2 1st Qu. To analyze Likert scale data you could use descriptive statistics like: mean (average) median (middle value) mode (most popular value) standard deviation (how spread out the . Likert Scale is a rating scale used to measure opinions, perceptions, and behaviors. ylab="Likert scores", Each item is given a score from 1 to 5 or 1 to 7. A place where magic is studied and practiced? if they are not already installed: if(!require(psych)){install.packages("psych")} The second quartile are integer variables, and Likert.f is an ordered factor variable. Bishop and R.L. = c("Speaker", "Question"), var Q10. Ordinal measures and the use of descriptive and inferential statistics. Q4. Step-by-Step Procedure to Analyze Likert Scale Data in Excel Step 1: Create Survey Form and Make Dataset Step 2: Count Blank and Non-Blanck Responses of Likert Scale Data Step 3: Count All Feedback from Dataset Step 4: Calculate Percentage of Each Feedback Step 5: Make Report on Likert Scale Analysis Step 6: Generate Final Report with Charts intervals, Descriptive statistics with opt-out responses, rcompanion.org/documents/RHandbookProgramEvaluation.pdf. 33 Patrick | Guide & Examples. d 7 To demonstrate the Likert analysis workflow, Ill use the MACH-IV dataset, which is a freely available download. theme(axis.title = element_text(face = "bold")) + practical implications. Participants in the survey dont have the option of answering yes or no and not numeric in most of the cases. 0.95 8 For example, consider a scale where 1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = neutral, 4 = disagree, and 5 = strongly disagree. digits=3), Speaker :10.000 10 What is the point of Thrower's Bandolier? Q18. Q3 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 the 75th percentile. Furthermore, you need to decide which descriptive statistics and/or inferential statistics may be used to describe and analyze the data obtained from your Likert scale. :2.00 If your variables are named var1 TO var 16 and there are no missing values that need to be accounted for you can use the following: That said, I agree with @eli-k's comment that clicking through the UI to generate syntax is a good way to ease into learning to write your own syntax. For 5-point Likert scale data, the process of visualizing using ChartExpo gets easier. a 3 Spongebob Questions 39 Maggie Simpson 9 5, 'data.frame': 10 obs. The Summarize function in the FSA will Similar Surveys and Questionnaires are deployed as psychometric tests in measuring the skill, knowledge, traits and capabilities of the people in the Job selection, promotion and special assignments. '2' Q2 3 Summarize(Q1.n, '2' Q3 2 color=Question)) + geom_errorbar(aes(ymin=Q1, library(lattice)histogram(~ Likert.f | Speaker, data=Data, For the interval data, such as scores, we can use the HH packages to conduct an ANOVA. Knapp writes: If you have to, forgo traditional statistics such as means, standard deviations, and Pearson rs there are always Tukeys (1977) very creative exploratory data analysis (EDA) techniques, and Agresti (1984) has written a whole book on the analysis of ordinal data. 2. and were each evaluated on each of the two courses (A and B). The responses are paired to each line item and they are discrete and non-numeric. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, Analyse --> Descriptive Statistics --> Descriptives / Frequencies. :5.00, XT = xtabs(~ Likert.f, : 1.00 Min. variable, but we will tell R to treat it as an ordered factor variable, They provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures. W = 18789658, p-value < 2.2e-16 xlab="Likert score", 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 $ Question: Factor w/ 3 levels "Information",..: f:6 Max. :10.000 10 :3 but can produce confidence intervals by other methods. By signing up, you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. third quartiles are used to indicate the spread of data about each median. XT, Likert Why does Mister Mxyzptlk need to have a weakness in the comics? Your IP: This scale is widely used in measuring the responses to the questionnaire in a research survey or aptitude test. in the formulaXT2 = xtabs(~ Speaker + Likert.f + Question, ### Proportion of total for each count, barplot(XT, col="dark gray", 1 2 3 4 5 DontKnow NotApp To use a Likert scale in a survey, you present participants with Likert-type questions or statements, and a continuum of items, usually with 5 or 7 possible responses, to capture their degree of agreement. d. What were the median scores for Patrick for each of To interpret the data effectively, . In general, using the names option is not necessary, but here it is useful because the After all, B.O. First, lets take a look at gender first: There are quite a few more male respondents than female. Similar summaries can be obtained for data in a long-form This allows them to distinguish between respondents who do not feel sufficiently informed to give an opinion and those who are neutral on the topic. median, Q1, and Q3 in this data frame will then ### Numerical summary, XT = xtabs( ~ Likert, Converse, TX 78109, Copyright 2018 Jonathan D. Stallings The data in the worksheet are five-point Likert scale data for two groups this Book page. Q1. Like 5. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. You can use inferential statistics to test hypotheses, such as correlations between different responses or patterns in the whole dataset. Median : 5.50 Median :4.00 3:2 are averaged. 8 8 levels=unique(Data$Question)) data=Data, It consists of a statement or a question, followed by a series of five or seven answer statements. box are the first quartile and third quartile. Descriptive statistics is a statistical analysis process that focuses on management, presentation, and classification which aims to describe the condition of the data. xlab="Maggie's results"). Question n mean sd min Q1 median . Rater Likert Baker, C.D. There are many things we could investigate using these data. 3.1. 0.95 7 Maggie Simpson 7 5.000 0.000, boxplot(Data$Likert, of two factor variables. Data analysis can be done in multiple ways viz.. : 5.750 7 Before collecting data, its important to consider how you will operationalize the variables that you want to measure. This scale was invented by psychologist Rensis Likert hence it was named after him. The interaction plot is produced with the ggplot2 b 7Patrick plot of these counts. Input =("Speaker f 7Spongebob Questions This scale helps to investigate the underlying phenomenon of the surveyor test using the responses obtained and bring out the results. However, if you want to force your respondents to choose, an even number of responses removes the neutral option. Q19. Artino (2013) Analyzing and Interpreting Data From Likert-Type Scales, Journal of Graduate Medical Education, December, page 541. Likert scores taken ordinal categorical data. width=.2, size=0.7, position=pd) + geom_point(shape=15, data = Data, Click to reveal So you might say that your data are 'centered' at the median 4. width=.2, size=0.7, position=pd) + geom_point(shape=15, Patrick Questions e Mean is easy to calculate: It is easy to see the relationship between the raw data and the mean. 6.0 0.95 Presentation d 10 digits = 2), n nvalid mean sd min Q1 median ### Order factor levels, if(!require(rcompanion)){install.packages("rcompanion")}. g. Describe these results, including your opinions on the measured variable divided into groups, where the groups are defined These scores are considered to have directionality and even spacing between them. 5 4 4 4 4 3 2 5, summary(Data) Styling contours by colour and by line thickness in QGIS. When faced with such questions, your respondents may selectively answer about one topic and ignore the other. Questions :12 c:6 Median : 7.000 5 :6 otherwise R will alphabetize them, ### Create an ordered factor of Another dimension in this scale is the design or the format which is used to capture the response. Likert scales are common in survey research, as well as in fields like marketing, psychology, or other social sciences. In terms of descriptive statistics, you add up the scores from each question to get the total score for each participant. Likert-derived data can be treated either as ordinal-level or interval-level data. Median - When your data is skewed or you are dealing with ordinal (ordered categories) data (e.g. Summarize your Likert scale data using descriptive statistics. Tukey (2001) Understanding Robust and Exploratory Data Analysis instead. of Can I use t-test for ordinal data? Problems with Likert scales often come from inappropriate design choices. Treating Likert-derived data as ordinal, you can use descriptive statistics to summarize the data you collected in simple numerical or visual form. In this example, the median Likert is calculated Patrick 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1111 0.2222 0.2222 0.1667 0.1667 0.1111, [1] 36 The third quartile indicates the data frame. 6.5 7.25 9 0 The Likert scale is easy to use and relatively clear, which provides researchers with the ability to question large sample sizes of people as well as conduct a descriptive analysis of the data. 2'Maggie Simpson' 10 applicable since NA is reserved by R for a missing value. whiskers in the box plot defaults to being the most extreme values, However, you can also choose to treat Likert-derived data at the interval level. package creates a data frame called Sum. )### Examine data frame When only the rank-order of the data is known, we should proceed cautiously with our statistics, and especially with the conclusions we draw from them. 5 Spongebob Information b Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 272.66, df = 2, p-value < 2.2e-16, The One-Way ANOVA is a multivariate analysis only used when ordinal data (Likert data) are transformed to interval data. Sum = groupwiseMedian(data = Data, group Inferential analysis refers to the statistical testing of hypotheses (theory testing). The summary function produces the median, 1st Qu. boxplot(Likert ~ Speaker + Question, However, each question can also be individually analyzed for deeper insights. Rater Question Likert The survey process involves the design of line items or individual questions, the list of responses options for each line item and the participant will have to select one of the responses. The midpoint is often a neutral item, with positive options on one side and negative options on the other. Stay away from jargon that could discourage or confuse your respondents. e 10Spongebob Presentation Next, lets take a look at seconds_elapsed: The vast majority of repondents spend very less than 4 minutes on then questionnaire. For this example, imagine that there are two speakers, Speaker 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 As a measure of the variation of data, it is also How do you keep numeric values when importing SPSS to Pandas dataframe? Imagine a scenario in which 10 respondents are Questions 12 5.250 1.215 3 4.75 5.0 6.00 However, most researchers treat Likert-derived data as ordinal: assuming there is not an equal distance between responses. whereas Likert is a numeric variable. digits=3)Sum, Speaker They will have to collect objective information on their current products, services, environment and competition from all its stakeholders to start the journey. :3.25 2:1 Artino (2013), improving the responses provided to begin with or implementing measurable visual analogue responses (VARs) helps to justify the use of parametric tests. Min. The Likert-scale is a unidimensional scaling method (so it measures a one-dimensional construct), is bipolar, and in its purest form consists of only 5 scale points, though often we refer to a 7-point or even a 9 or 10-point scale as a Likert-scale. The scale assumes that the strength and intensity of the feelings are linear. However, it cannot be inferred that a response of 4 is twice as negative as a response of 2. is 4. ), library(lattice)histogram(~ Likert.f | Speaker Ultimately, you have to decide how you want to analyze the data. and Patrick get, respectively? Before analyzing data, you have to make sure that you get a relevant dataset. 3'Maggie Simpson' 2 e 5 # columns and rows of individual 10 5 f. Are your impressions borne out by the interaction plots? degree, masters degree, doctorate. Information, Presentation, and Questions? 0.125 0.250 0.375 0.125 0.125, Q1.n = as.numeric(Q1) My contact information is on the According to Stevens, descriptive statistics for ordinal data should be median. For interval data (overall Likert scale scores), use parametric tests such as Pearson's r correlation or t-tests. is prohibited. Likert scaling mostly is bi-polar and it has negative, positive and neutral values. Your choice depends on your research questions and aims. For example, for the set of values: high school, associate degree, bachelors as a factor variable, since it contains character values, not as a character data framelibrary(psych)headTail(Data), Speaker Rater Likert Likert.f1 Maggie Hence the quantitative data resulting out of the Likert scale can be analyzed without much of difficulty. 2 4 5 Don't know N/A excludes the non-numeric values. c 8Spongebob Presentation It is wise to flatter important people. 54 Maggie Simpson 4 More options give you deeper insights but can make it harder for participants to decide on one answer. Information c A Likert scale assumes that the strength/intensity of an attitude is linear, i.e. Information f 6 06 Patrick Diagnostic analysis to study the root cause and correct. e:6 3rd Qu. However, including a dont know option may trigger unmotivated respondents to select that for every question. ylab="Frequency"). 4'Maggie Simpson' 6 The variability or dispersion concerns how spread out the values are. Descriptive statistics include mean for with the level function. Simpson 3 5 An interaction plot can also use confidence intervals Answer: Score the resonses on the likert scale Alloting nummerical values 1 2 3 4 High to low 4 3 2 1 for positive options Low to high for negative statements 1 2 3 4 . 4'Maggie Simpson' 8 An additional For a set of numbers, the median is the middle value when the data are arranged in numerical order. In this code the Likert response data is treated FREQUENCIES Descriptive Completely.Disagree Disagree Agree Compl.Agree mean std mode n item1 count count count count n% n% n% n% item2 count count count count n% n% n% n% I am able to produce the first part of the table (FREQUENCIES) by putting the variables as rows and the categories as columns and then selecting the summary statistics (count . July 3, 2020 Consider meaningfulness when considering the use of descriptive statistics. Min. 5 :6 '5' Q2 DontKnow Analyzing data can be as difficult as rocket science. 4 48 Maggie To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. 1, 10, 5, 6 (on a scale from 1-10) 180cm, 160cm, 170cm. least one plot, and at least one numerical summary. Interpret your results, For example, lets say you are conducting a survey about customer views on a pair of running shoes. Likert Likert.fMaggie Simpson:10 Honesty is the best policy in all cases. If you want finer-grained details about one attribute, select unipolar items. data = Data) Kassiani Nikolopoulou. Finally, regression techniques include Ordered logistic regression, Multinomial logistic regression, or we could collapse the levels of the Dependent variable into two levels and run binary logistic regression. is shown with the summary function, but note that these counts are for example will create a data frame called Data consisting of three Q3 max percZero1 Spongebob Information 6 6.167 1.169 Now lets take a look at age: Most of the respondents are fairly young. Responses could also use seven or nine answers for more granularity, or only four (or other even number) to avoid neutral or undecided answers, forcing the respondent to select a positive or negative response.