https://www.akc.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php. In a fair fight, its more likely that the wolf has the advantage or that the conflict will end in a draw. Its common knowledge for adult wolves to go for the neck if they want the subject to be killed right away. You will also incur further costs in training classes, pet-sitting, and entry fees for dog sports suited for working dogs. 8-10.5 weeks. Accordingly, some of the external links on Petcalculator.com are affiliate links. good hiking companion. The dog that can rival this bite force is no other than the Cane Corso. 8 to 16 Weeks: Bonding With Your Puppy By eight weeks of age, your puppy is ready to leave their mother and littermates and come live with you. The AKC has been conducting Fast CAT races for dogs since 2016. Answer a few simple questions and find the right dog for you, Compare up to 5 different breeds side by side, Browse the AKC Marketplace to find the right puppy for you, Browse our extensive library of dog names for inspiration, Find out the best and worst foods for your dog and which to avoid, How to Train a Cane Corso Puppy: Milestones & Timeline. Consistency will allow a cane Corso to relax and know who is in charge. The average running speed of the Cane Corso is 22.9 mph, while the average running speed of the Wolf is 37.0 mph. window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'stat_source_id', 44); Hence, owners of cani corsi need to ensure they have a solid and secure fence. The dog should not be kicked or punched but try to place a barrier between the dog and the prey. The age of two weeks to 13 weeks is a sensitive learning period, says Hartstein. Back in 2017, she clocked in an amazing record of 29.86 MPH. Being quiet, calm, and self-assured will get owners a lot further with this breed than angry blusters. The following numbers are estimates that you can use to get a rough idea of how much your Cane Corse puppy will weigh at six months, one year, and so on. Avg. This bite force does not mean it exerts that pressure every time a Cane Corso closes their jaws, but . However, in the wrong hands, they can be inappropriately aggressive and become a danger to those around them. A Cane Corso is a large dog, but large only means 110 pounds or so. An Overview of the Cane Corso. This does not however apply to Cane Corsos. Its not a super fast dog. The average running speed of the Cane Corso is 22.9 mph, while the average running speed of the Braque Francais Pyrenean is 22.9 mph. A lion would weigh in at 2-5 times the size, with bigger teeth and more useable claws. The goal is to eliminate a fearful response to new people, animals, or situations that could lead to inappropriate protectiveness or aggression. Whether or not youre confident that your Cane Corso can defeat a wolf, it remains a priority for owners to ensure their pets safety and well-being. In 2014, two Corsi were reported to have attacked and killed a female jogger. lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId + '-asloaded'), { attributes: true }); As much as possible, try to keep your four-legged buddy away from deadly confrontations. In an unavoidable encounter, theres a chance that your Cane Corso can defeat an average wolf. If your Cane Corso is not used to maximizing his active lifestyle, then that lowers his chance of winning against a wolf who has to stay nimble for survival. Note that all the speeds above are average speeds over a distance of 100 yards, and not peak speeds. Not only does pet insurance act as a safety net, but wellness plans are also available to make regular veterinary expenses, such as annual veterinarian exams, x-rays, and dental cleanings, more affordable. As per history, Corsi have vigorous temperaments, always ready to meet challenges. Ensure that any interaction between your dog and young kids is supervised to prevent any tail or ear pulling or biting. Join 2,438,795+ insured dogs and cats across the US. A healthy adult Cane Corso can jump up to 6 feet. Although he may have the edge on certain aspects such as the bite force, the wolf is not a foe to underestimate. 12 Things You Should Know About The Rottweiler Pitbull Mix This will allow your dog to get bored of the sound. This is also a good time to start teaching them leash skills and training them to view you as the leader when on walks so they dont pull you a common behavior that could get you hurt when dealing with a puppy of this size. Puppy Prices and Monthly Expenses, link to What Defines a Reputable Cane Corso Breeder - Responsible Breeding. They can bite and release repeatedly. However, they need a confident and experienced dog owner. Around the time farming became more mechanized and nearing extinction, the breed has begun to decline. Great Pyrenees, Wolfhound, as well as Mastiff breeds pose a far greater challenge to Coyotes. Her lifelong passion for helping animals currently has her earning her doctorate of veterinary medicine at Cornell University and helping Pawlicy Advisor educate pet parents. However, you need to go easy on the puppies. Do their paws look unproportionate compared to their legs and body? Remember, Coyotes experience the reality of nature every day, so surviving is part of their routine. Exercise will make your Cane Corso live long. The Cane Corso is a working dog, he will never be happier than when he is working, training, running, or helping you. They are very loyal to their families and highly sensitive to the needs and expectations of their owners. Although theyll still have some growing to do, your Corso pup will reach sexual maturity by about six months and enter an adolescent stage during which they may begin testing their boundaries and attempting to assert themselves as the boss. Therefore, these breeds tend to excel in sports like the AKC speed tests. 12 Things You Should Know About The Rottweiler Pitbull Mix, The Tosa Inu Your Ultimate Breed Information Guide, The American Bandogge Mastiff Your Ultimate Breed Information Guide, The Newfypoo Your Guide To The Newfoundland poodle Mix. It depends on what you mean by fast because I run 40 yards in 4.38 seconds. The bite force calculates the pound per square inch (PSI) in the applied force to the bitten object. She has been taking care of animals all of her life and she wants to share her experience with other dog lovers. AskAbout.video/a. A well-socialized Corso should be aloof and indifferent with strangers and strange dogs. So it made me wonder whats the actual speed of a Cane Corso. They are generally classed as giant dog types. container.style.width = '100%'; Finally, running is a good exercise for dogs. They are energetic, strong and fast; and are amongst the fastest species of dogs. large, bulky dogs with wide jaws tend to have a greater bite force. The Wolf can run faster than the Cane Corso. ins.dataset.adClient = pid; You can further ensure this by feeding him twice a day instead of leaving food out for him all the time. Some simply want to eliminate dogs that are near their territories, especially if they have Coyote pups to protect. Let your presence be heard by making sounds. Kangal Bite Force How Strong Is A Kangals Bite? Have someone call you repeatedly and do not answer them. Another option is to contact the Cane Corso breeder, if that's how you got your pup. Are Cane Corsos Faster Than Humans? Two neighbors rushed to her aid, but not before she. Petcalcuator.com participates in different affiliate programs, including the Amazon Services LLC Affiliate Program. Learn more about how fast Bearded Collies can run here. For example, Usain Bolts top speed was measured at 28 mph when he ran the 100-meter dash in 9.58 seconds. They are used by the military because of their high intelligence. However, a Cane Corso's speed and pace depend on the level of training they had been subjected to. No cane Corso, no matter how loving, should be left unsupervised with a child. Cane Corsos are fast runners and the average of their running speed is 32 miles per hour. Whether you work one-on-one with a professional trainer, enroll your puppy in group classes or take a DIY approach, raising a Corso puppy means spending a lot of time and energy not only on training and socialization but also providing exercise and enrichment to help your pup burn excess energy and help them become more relaxed and compliant. If a Coyote roams around his area, the Cane Corso will find this a grave offense and deal with the animal furiously. If they are extremely hungry, a dead dog will end up becoming their meal for the day. Of course, owners must ensure that the dogs can be properly taken care of. How Much Does a Cane Corso Cost? Scenarios like this often happen during the mating season. Afghan Hound Weight Calculator. they will bite down with a great force of 700 PSI and release. When ranking strong dog jaws, Cane Corso is in the top 3 with a bite force of 700 PSI. Locking the jaws is the assumption that large dogs with blocky, large, and wide heads with strong jaws are capable of biting the target and fixing the jaws onto their prey firmly. Corsos are agile and have astonishingly strong hind legs that can produce a powerful burst of speed. Because Cane Corsos are an intelligent and willful breed, obedience training cant start too soon. window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'adsensetype', 1); However, they can be playful, friendly and loyal. Most dogs that were killed by a single Coyote were small like Pugs, Chihuahuas, and Lhasa Apsos. Here are 15 things you should know before adopting a cane Corso into your family: This breed was developed in Italy, and they are said to descend from the Roman war dogs. Youll also want to continue socialization, and also provide your pup with plenty of daily exercise as well as mental stimulation and enrichment to help keep them calm and relaxed activities youll need to continue throughout your Corsos lifetime. Before adopting or buying the Italian Corso, you need to find an expert breeder who can show proof of health clearances that certify that the puppys parents are free of hip dysplasia and eye disease. That difference alone sets apart the type of intelligence both of these creatures have.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'pawcited_com-banner-1','ezslot_6',109,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-pawcited_com-banner-1-0'); This touches motivation. The average running speed of the Cane Corso is 22.9 mph, while the average running speed of the Rottweiler is 22.9 mph. Muscular and short-coated, these dogs can weigh up to 100 pounds, and are often used for police work and search and rescue. PSI is a reaction of every force measured over a square inch of a pound. If your Cane Corso barks when the phone rings, teach them to ignore it. Where relevant and helpful to the reader, we may link to products. It is among the top three most potent breeds in the world. When your dog fights or is attacked, there are ways to break them up to release their bite. The number of dogs and pets killed each year is continuously increasing. All puppies grow at different rates. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. A cane corso needs plenty of exercises to stay in shape. Corsos are agile and have astonishingly strong hind legs that can produce a powerful burst of speed. These greyhounds were usually thirty inches at the shoulder and weighed 90 lbs. Always ensure that your Cane Corso is safe and that the fence around has no holes in which Coyotes can easily pass through. All rights reserved. This includes age, experience, size, number, instinct, strength, and stamina. However, some dog breeds have a higher tendency to chase things than some other dog breeds. The tracker can also monitor your Cane Corso`s nutrition and sleep. How fast can a cone snail kill a human? Even if its just a minor skirmish with your canine, the outcome may be damaging to your pet. Bulldogs have 305 PSI bite force while Pitbulls have 235 PSI and the Cane Corso has a total advantage with 700 PSI bite force. Click here to see the list that rank dog breeds based on their running speeds. The German Shepherd Rottweiler Mix Is This Crossbreed Right For You? The popularity of this event is spreading like wildfire, and its no wonder. Cane Corso puppies melt hearts with their floppy ears, wrinkly bodies, and sweet, squishy faces. Its worth knowing that wolves are commonly found in North America, North Africa, Asia, and Europe, and most of the time, these creatures prefer living in the wilderness, forests, swamps, and coastal prairies. Meanwhile, there are a few cases of wolves roaming or getting lost in the city or any other area where a community of people lives. That information alone tells us that this canine has incredible endurance and vigor. The best way to do this is through regular and repeated exposure while creating positive associations with treats, praise, and fun. Weight can affect his endurance too. How Fast Can a Cane Corso Run? If you purchase a product through this article, we may receive a portion of the sale. Daily brushing will also help you prevent bad breath and gum diseases. Like other purebred animals, Cane Corsos are more prone to some genetic health problems. How Much Should Afghan Hound Weigh? When these canine companions are appropriately raised, socialized, and trained, they can be protective and loving towards children. As a cane corso owner, make a point of taking him for a jog or brisk walk at least a mile every day, morning and evening. Rather, a dog runs the race by chasing a lure, and the dog`s speed is recorded, and compared to the speed of other dogs. The Fast CAT is a timed 100-yard (91.4 meters) race where dogs run one at a time, chasing a lure. However, for those within their family, they give their undivided protection and loyalty. Although smart, Corsos arent exactly known for being eager to please and they get bored quickly. This means that you can expect a decently long life with your pet especially if you get them as a puppy. A guy on Youtube by the name of Mark Avellino has made a fantastic video where he measured how fast his 3 Cane Corsos can run 250 feet. Ive been chased by many . If youre living in a state with loads of Coyotes roaming and you own a magnificent dog such as a Cane Corso, a series of questions will form in your mind. Its highly unlikely for your Cane Corso to run into a wolf if you live in the city. However, to get them to this point, they need to be socialized and trained from an early age. Get your dog to bite the meter and the bite force is calculated within seconds thereby determining the power of your dogs jaw. ins.className = 'adsbygoogle ezasloaded'; It is calculated by the real bites and not just estimation from the jaw and head anatomy. Hence, when kids are running around outdoors, you should keep your Corso confined. This breed can and has killed humans. We never know when the worst could happen to our beloved dog. If that sounds interesting you should learn more about AKC Fast Cat. Related article: Cane Corso History: From Ancient Italy to the Brink of Extinction, Active Shooter & Mass Attack Safety Resources, iy_2023; im_03; id_03; ih_20; imh_56; i_epoch:1677905763990, py_2023; pm_02; pd_08; ph_03; pmh_03; p_epoch:1675854213925, link-block; link-block_link-block; bodystr, pn_tstr:Wed Feb 08 03:03:33 PST 2023; pn_epoch:1675854213925. Most Cane Corsos are fully grown at two years of age, if not slightly earlier. No doubt, both the Cane Corso and the wolf are agile beings. This breed is very defensive and protective and comes in the number one spot of the dog bite force. If a Cane Corso is bred with equal amounts of respect, stable temperaments, and correctly socialized, they should not be dangerous unless there is an intruder. According to the American Kennel Club Official Cane Corso standards, male Cane Corsos are typically 25 to 27.5 inches tall and weigh between 99 and 110, while females stand 23.5 to 26 inches tall weighing 85 to 99 pounds. In 1983 the Society Amatori Cane Corso was created, and in 1996 the breed became acknowledged by the Federation Cynologique Internationale. Pro Tip: Want to be reimbursed for up to 90% of your dogs veterinary bills whenever they are sick or injured? With their large physique and build, anyone can label both the Cane Corso and the wolf as strapping and robust. They can be excellent family dogs if they have a confident and consistent owner who can provide them with food, leadership, and prevent them from roaming. The name of the fastest Cane Corso in the AKC record is GCH CH Black Pearl Espresso FDC CAX FCAT2 THDX DJ DN NSD CGCA CGCU TKP VHMA, a female Cane Corso. They're actually faster than a. Q: How fast can a cane corso run? 00:00 - Can a Cane Corso kill a human?00:43 - Can a Cane Corso kill a lion?01:10 - How smart is a Cane Corso?01:40 - Are cane corsos smart?02:06 - Can a Cane. Not all Corsi will get any or all of these health conditions, but it helps to be aware of them. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. } A cane corso needs plenty of exercises to stay in shape. Cane corsos are an intelligent and dignified breed with an independent nature. Effortlessly, anyones bones and muscles can be torn apart and broken. Although the socialization window closes around 16 weeks of age, its important to keep socializing your Corso puppy. Pawlicy Advisor is the leading independent marketplace for finding the best coverage for your pet at the lowest rate. The pressure a dog can exert changes depending on the type of material they are biting. The cane Corso can be prone to eyelid abnormalities like ectropion, entropion, and cherry eye, hip dysplasia, gastric torsion, and demodectic mange. The stark difference highly favors the all-grown Cane Corso. Your dog could win a fancy AKC title! Cane Corsos are intimidating to those not familiar with this breed. If your Cane Corso is less than a year old, they still have substantial growth left. The said breed is fairly active and capable of catching up with its owners. As for height, Cane Corsos can grow up to an impressive 27.5 inches tall. Make this possible by following the tips below: What Are the Chances of a Cane Corso Meeting a Wolf? They usually reach their adult height between one and two years of age. Im doubting that there is an exact speed for it. All puppies grow at different rates, but most Cane Corsos will be between 21 and 24 inches tall at six months old. However, if you want to get your dog into running without getting your dog injured, make sure that your dog has grown past the puppy state, with well-formed bones, before you get your dog into running. incidents of Cane Corso aggression and biting of humans have increased. Begin by looking down at him; make sure you can see the waist. It could also be due to the resources they try to protect. Pitbulls are notorious and are always known for the wrong reasons. In the past, the Cane Corso was also used to hunt down animals like rabbits and boars using the sense of sight instead of smell. Per the Cane Corso Association of America, proper nutrition, weight maintenance, and appropriate exercises can help to prevent or minimize hip dysplasia in the breed. If you cant, you will have to feed him less food and provide him with more physical exercise. Leave the food down 15 minutes then pick up. Cane Corsos are a challenging breed and are not generally a good fit for inexperienced dog owners. How fast can a Cane Corso run? Often weighing over 100 pounds, its no surprise that the Cane Corsos name in Latin translates to the bodyguard dog. The Cane Corso has a noble background that goes all the way back to ancient Rome, where they worked as fearless protectors. Wolves need to protect the pack, the cubs, and their ground. Barking dogs. The average running speed of the Cane Corso is 22.9 mph, while the average running speed of the Jackrabbit is 45.0 mph. The Canis Panther An Incredible Mix Worth Learning About. The dog can be over 100 pounds compared to the 14-46 pounds of an average Coyote. Any adult dog should be fed twice a day. Let us do the work of comparing pet insurance plans for you so that you can rest easy knowing that you have a safety net in place. Both animals will surely not give the other an easy time to be victorious. Compare Cane Corso health insurance options today. In the most recent competition between the Cane Corso breed in 2022, the fastest was another male that reached a top speed of 28.39 miles per hour. AKC actively advocates for responsible dog ownership and is dedicated to advancing dog sports. Therefore, Cane Corso dogs are not dangerous; they are composed, quiet, incredibly intelligent, have dignity, and loyal to their families. ins.style.minWidth = container.attributes.ezaw.value + 'px'; If a Cane Corso is threatened, provoked, senses danger, or attacked they will bite down with a great force of 700 PSI and release. It is therefore critical to put your pup on the path to success and to train, educate, and socialize a puppy within this highly influential time frame. If all of that sounds overwhelming, dont worry. The German Shepherd Rottweiler Mix Is This Crossbreed Right For You? As with any large guard dog, early training as a puppy will be vital in managing their full strength and size as an adult. If you dont have the time to watch the video, you can read this quick summary made by Mark. It also depends on each individual Corso and on the level of training they received, their body type, height, age, and health. More caution must be made if your dog is still a puppy. Its also important that all family members are comfortable and confident around dogs of this size, says the Cane Corso Association of America (CCAA). His weight must be proportionate to his height so expect him to be around 85 to 110 pounds in mass. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'pawcited_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',119,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-pawcited_com-medrectangle-4-0'); Unsurprisingly, when it comes to large dog breeds, the said feral animal shows hesitation to charge. Cani Corsi are generally healthy dogs. Lets take a look at how a Cane Corso compares to other popular breeds. Avg. easy to train. They are commonly thought of as fighting dogs and they have a bite strength of about 235 PSI. However, in the 1970s, canine lovers strived to rebuild the breed. Okay, enough about Usain Bolt, lets see whats the average speed of a Cane Corso. Dont let your Cane Corso roam free in sites recently visited by a pack of wolves. Breeds such as greyhounds, afghan hounds, and whippets are naturally wired to chase objects. These early weeks are also a good time to desensitize your pup to being touched and handled in ways they may not like, which can help make future visits to the vet or the groomer go much more smoothly. Suitable employment for this breed includes learning tricks, herding livestock, dog sports, and practicing obedience skills. The bite force of a Cane Corso is around 700 PSI. Make this possible by following the tips below: Keep your Cane Corso on a leash to avoid attracting wolves. Cane Corsos do not lock their jaws because they do not have the mechanisms in their jaws to allow them to lock together. Pet insurance works by reimbursing you for up to 90% of out-of-pocket veterinary costs, which gives you a safety net should the worst happen to your pet. On the other hand, my male Corso doesnt even come close to her speed. But dont let all that cuteness fool you. To compare, the fastest record of a human male's running speed is 23.35 miles per and a human female's is 21.32 miles per hour. var alS = 2021 % 1000; How do you know what breed is right for your family? The bite force of a Cane Corso is around 700 PSI which is impressive in the dog world. This is especially important when raising a Corso, an assertive breed that often thinks they know whats best. The first way is based on your Cane Corso puppys age. The fastest dog breed is the Greyhound. Kangals bite force is 743 PSI. 32 mph. They can be black, red, gray, or fawn, and they may or may not have brindle patterns. Cani Corsi have a protective and highly territorial nature which makes them excellent at patrolling your garden and home. ins.style.height = container.attributes.ezah.value + 'px'; This article will explain all the key information you need to know about the Cane Corso bite force, to ensure you are well prepared in case you want to own one. Wolves fight to kill. Expose the cane Corso to many different sights, people, experiences, and sounds before hes four months old. used to measure everything from atmospheric pressure to bike tire pressure. Here at the things you can do to make your Cane Corso run fast: Get your Cane Corso a dog fitness tracker to monitor its activity and running performance. A cane corso is a good companion when given firm and loving guidance. Hence, before buying a cane Corso, carefully consider all these expenses because you will have to face them for about 10-12 years. The Grizzly Bear can run faster than the Cane Corso. In plural, Cane Corso becomes Cani Corsi. He'll have more strength to pin down a lightweight Coyote. The same applies if the Cane Corso outnumbers the other. 7. Puppy Growth Chart Dog Weight Chart By Age How To Put Weight On A Dog With Sensitive Stomach HowMuchToFeedA Shih Tzu Puppy? Best Answer. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. On the other hand, the fastest Sealyham Terrier on record ran at a speed of 17.9 mph, while the slowest Sealyham Terrier competing in a race ran at a speed 8.3 mph. If youre up to the challenge of raising and training a Cane Corso puppy, find a reputable breeder. We're in love with this amazing breed and the companionship only they can give us. If they bite you, move your arms and body into the dog rather than away to prevent them from tearing you. However, if Cane Corso falls in the wrong hands, they can be trained to attack making them dangerous because they are powerful with the ability to cause great damage. They will always be by your side because they want to please you, except when they are going through a little adolescent stubbornness. Continued exposure to new people and other dogs will help maintain this attitude and prevent your Corso pup from developing an unhealthy wariness that could lead to aggression. 91 Rainey StreetAustin, TX 78701(512) 772 4722, link to How Much Does a Cane Corso Cost? The fastest speed on AKC record that the Cane Corso ran in a race is 29.86 mph (48.1 kmph) and the minimum speed on record in a race for a Cane Corso is 8.29 mph (13.3 kmph). The study of dog attacks is a difficult and highly-scrutinized area, but an analysis performed by the editor of ANIMALS 24-7 stands out as one of the most comprehensive and authoritative approaches. Most places across the world have the authority with powers to ban certain breeds of dogs. at the 100-meter dash. The Cheetah can run faster than the Cane Corso. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. (Lapeer County Sheriff's Department) The owners of two massive cane corsos that mauled to death a man. The average running speed of the Cane Corso is 22.9 mph, while the average running speed of the Usain Bolt is 23.4 mph. But if you calculate the average speed it was around 23 mph. Rottweiler is recognized as a guard dog with a significant bite force of about 328 PSI. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'pawcited_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_7',112,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-pawcited_com-medrectangle-3-0');Its not surprising for many of us that some owners bring with them their Cane Corsos during mountain trekking or any other activities involving nature exploration. Tall dog breeds tend to run faster than shorter dog breeds. I'm learning about the breed and dog behavior, training, and care for over 10 years now and I'm thrilled to share my knowledge and experiences with you through this blog. How big should a 6-month-old Cane Corso be? Its a no-brainer that both animals are smart. Never insert anything in their ear canals, clean their outer ears. Cane Corsi are a very fast breed of dogs. Although Cane Corsos do not lock jaws, they can hold on to something tightly with their jaws due to having strong jaw muscles. The Cane Corso breed is very large, often standing at two-feet tall within six months of age and weighing well over 100 pounds at maturity. To measure the bite of your dog in PSI you can use a digital bite meter. Puppies dont stand a chance against adults since they have no sufficient experience nor have developed mature strength for real fights. You should consider signing up your dog for this fun activity. This competition is called the Fast CAT, which stands for Coursing Ability Test. Research shows that behaviors learned during this time frame have a tendency to stick throughout the puppys life more than at any other age. It is essential to know that if a cane Corso chooses to, even an electronic fence cant prevent hi, from leaving your backyard or property. If you make grooming for a Cane Corso, a positive experience filled with rewards and praise, you can be able to lay the groundwork for easy veterinary visits. container.appendChild(ins); The average running speed of the Cane Corso is 22.9 mph, while the average running speed of the Horse is 55.0 mph. Any unwelcome guests have to leave the place either because of intimidation, force, or fight.
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