kassites in the bible kassites in the bible

At least three toponyms in Mannea, another three in Gizilbunda, and one in eastern Media are explicable in Kassite terms. The Assyrians were great warriors. They even burn their sons and daughters in the fire as sacrifices to their gods. There may be several Kassite names in Old Babylonian uarr in the Zagros (see Eidem, 1992, p. 49b, top; Sassmannshausen, 1999, p. 412 with n. 16). The sixth letter is the last and most severe letter and the Abdi-zedek begs once again for military help by means of archers from Egypt. Please support World History Encyclopedia. How does violence against the family pet affect the family? Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archologie, 105(2), 255-257. The language of the Kassites remains unclassified (called a language isolate), differing from most common languages that exist today in the world. Since the word Hebrew is a poor transliteration of the word Ivri (pronounced ihv`ree) it is a stretch to say that the word Apiru or Habiru is from the same source. (Kassites). (Bible Quiz), Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections, Israel Mentioned in Egyptian Inscriptions, 15 Christian Leaders That Make More Money Getting Out Of Bed Than Youll Make All Year, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Neo Babylonian Period [626 - 529 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. 1, pp. The landed property was only partially in the hands of Kassites. While it is hard sometimes to match particular events from the Amarna letters to exact biblical events from this time period, it is not hard to see that the land and culture in question is the same. [52] Many small pottery kilns, generally no bigger than 2 meters in diameter with domed tops, were found in the Babylonian city of Dilbat. In time, a new dynasty emerged. The chariot and the horse, which the Kassites worshipped, first came into use in Babylonia at this time. 17 f.). "16. The temples that the Kassite kings built or rebuilt are mainly in the Babylonian tradition, although one Kassite innovation was the use of molded bricks to form figures in relief. D. Charpin, propos des rois de Hana, Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brves et Utilitaires, 1995, no. The endonym of the Kassites was probably Galzu, although they have also been referred to by the names Kau, Kassi, Kasi or Kashi. Balkan (1986, pp. 55, No. Since they had chariots, they were not nomadic, but were fully settled in segregated rural encampments. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. The Bible is not specific as to the exact date. The original abodes of the Kassites are not known. Most cultic offices and lower administrative ranks were almost exclusively in the hands of Babylonians (Akkadians). New Testament Overview - General survey of the New Testament. (10)" . Kassites played a central role in the military. Volume 1 Kardunia. This relief shows 3 different peoples essentially having Egyptian rule placed over them. Nearing the end of the letter, the king states that if no archers are sent, then Jerusalem will fall to the Hapiru (same as Apiru). [8][9] About 100 Kassite tablets were found at Dur-Kurigalzu. The Kassites - Bible History The Kassites You are here: Home Ancient Babylonia Old Babylonian Period (2000 - 1595 BC) The Kassites Just exactly who The Kassites were, and anything about their origins and history, is very obscure. Idem, Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B.C. Kassites are recorded in Nuzi during the 15th century BCE (see Brinkman, 1976-80, pp. Ira Spar, Michael Jursa: Cuneiform Texts from the Metropolitan Museum of Art IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium BC. Kassite period. 6969, Albrecht Goetze, "The Kassites and Near Eastern Chronology,", This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 22:04. Namri was named Babil, i.e., Babylon, in Urartian inscriptions, according to Diakonoff and Kashkai (1979, pp. The Kassites left no cultural impact in Babylonia. Israel is laid waste and his seed is not; Israel is also mentioned in the base of a statue from Egypt. F. H. Weissbach, he Kissa, in Pauly-Wissowa, RE 21, 1921, pp. Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Kassite Peri Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 - 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. 685685, Malko, Helen. Both sectors were based on the redistributive principle characteristic of Mesopotamian household organization (see Edens, 1994, p. 211). of Pientka, Sptaltbabylonische Zeit, OLZ 95, 2000, pp. Babylonia was next invaded by the Kassites in the period 1550-1169 b.c. These monuments, which were once thought to be boundary stones erected in fields . 11119, Pedersn, Olof. Idem, The Representation of Foreigners in Neo- and Late-Babylonian Legal Documents (Eighth-Second Centuries B.C.E. 9 f.) thinks that the governor of Nippur was the head of the Babylonian aristocrats, but his suggestion, namely, that in the personality of the governor of Nippur was manifested to a certain degree the personality of a second king, cannot be substantiated. Edzard, Jasubigallja, in RlA V, 1976-80, p. 271a. 1150-985 BCE), viz., the second dynasty of Isin, the second dynasty of the Sealand, and the Bazi dynasty, had Akkadian, Kassite, and hybrid (Akkadian-Kassite) names. Already at that time they could purchase land and acted as officials, especially in horse breeding (Heinz, 1995, p. 167). Radical changes took place in the military organization as well (see Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 181). The Sealand, which was ruled by another dynasty perhaps since the demise of Babylons rule in the south, was incorporated into Babylonia in ca. Trustees of the British Museum. During the 16th century BCE. 233234, Levine, Louis D. The Second Campaign of Sennacherib. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Balkan (1968, p. 7) is of the opinion that between the king and the people there was a stratum of nobles, who mostly belonged to the royal family or the palace. The governor of Nippur was in charge of an economic organization, which collected numerous agricultural deliveries and imposts from broad parts of Babylonia. Amarna a-an-har-ra, a-an-ha-ar (from Mitanni and Alashia), Hittite a-an-ha-ra(-az), Egyptian ngr, Old Testament nr < *amara (Old Babylonian gentilic Samhar), presumably a Kassite tribe, gave its name to Babylonia while it was occupied by the Kassites (see Zadok, 1984; cf. The Chaldeans in the Bible The Chaldeans may be best known from the Bible. The first Jewish king, King Saul, defeated the Ammonites and made them his servants. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The Kassite termini surviving in Akkadian are mainly from the realms of horse breeding and chariot building. Jt. Kassite Dynasty (List of Kings) Gandash, 16 years Agum I (s), 22 years M. Hlscher, Die Personennamen der kassitenzeitlischen Texte aus Nippur, Imgula 1, Mnster, 1996. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Toronto, Buffalo, and London, 1990. The opinion of W. Eilers (1957-58, pp. 271-81. Idem, Forced laborers in the Middle Babylonian period, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 32, 1980, pp. "Now a river flowed out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it divided and became four rivers. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. By the 14th century BCE, the Kassites controlled the whole of Babylonia, including the Diyala region. The Kassite rulers encouraged the collection, codification, and canonization of Babylonian religious-literary texts. Idem, The Ethno-Linguistic Character of Northwestern Iran and Kurdistan in the Neo-Assyrian Period, Tel Aviv, 2002. Some kudurrus are kept in the Louvre in Paris and others in the National Museum of Iraq. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. This temple was probably one of the most important institutions of Kassite Babylonia. Most belong to the archives of the guenna (provincial governor) of the city of Nippur and seem to indicate a feudal system of government during the 14th and 13th centuries. Unfortunately, many of those tablets have not yet been published, including hundreds held in the Ottoman Museum in Istanbul. Ramose was her father. 5 What kind of government did the Kassites have? Information will be sectioned off into multiple posts, organized by date ranges. On the whole, it cannot be proven that the Kassites living in Babylonia had an essentially different social organization from that of the Babylonians (Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 150). Iran 12.1 (1974): 99-124. When and how did the Twelve Apostles die? that the plagues mentioned in the Book of Exodus from the Hebrew Bible . 185f. I; Chronicles conserning early babylonian Studies in Eastern History, II. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Iraq Museum, Terracotta plaque of a seated goddess, from Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq. Ghent, 1998. There is only soft evidence about whether or not the Habiru are actually the Hebrews. [6] As was typical in the region, there was some cross pollination with other religions. Related Content One Kassite invention was the boundary stone (kudurru), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. 3 And all the princes of the king of Babylon came in, and sat . Idem, Elamites and Other Peoples from Iran and the Persian Gulf Region in Early Mesopotamian Sources, Iran 32, 1994, pp. The first place to start when trying to locate the Garden of Eden is in the Bible. The Amarna letters, which were mostly written in the early to mid-13th century BCE, capture communication back and forth from Egyptian Ruler Amenophis III and his various loyal vassal-governors in the land of Canaan. The Kassites first appeared during the reign of Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 BC), son of Hammurabi of the First Babylonian Dynasty and after being defeated by Babylon, moved to control the city-state of Mari. 146-164, Brinkman, John Anthony. Corrections? Aarhus Univ. Nevertheless, some Babylonian cultural influence presumably persisted there. 112 f.). The new rulers, non-Babylonians known as Kassites, adopted Babylonian conventions in their royal iconography and inscriptions. Under the later Kassite kings political authority was weakened as peripheral provinces detached themselves from effective state control (see Brinkman, 1963, pp. Balkan, 1954, pp. [10][11] A few inscribed building materials of Kurigalzu I were found at Kish. The name Cushan is considered a translation for Kassite or northwest Mesopotamia. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. A people called the Kassites conquered Babylonia in about 1600 bce. A.. "1. 1499-1503. 469 f.; Dosch and Deller, 1981), as well as in Middle Assyrian documents (see Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 470; cf. Charpin, 1995). [27] An International System came into place between these parties connected by widespread trade, treaties, and intermarriage between the ruling classes (especially between the Kassites and Elamites). Last modified August 03, 2011. The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( middle chronology ). [28][29] A typical treaties include the EgyptianHittite peace treaty (c.1259 BC) and the treaty between the Kassite ruler Karaindash and the Assyrian ruler Ashur-bel-nisheshu (c. 1410 BC). Volume 2 Kardunia. [4] The Kassite religion is also poorly known. 4553, Paulus, Susanne. 8, line 46; 9, 41). Ancient Mesopotamian literature developed c. 2600 BCE after scribes Studies in Eastern History; Vol. "Studies Concerning the Kassite Period Ekur of Nippur: Construction History and Finds". (1998, p. 83) advocate a lower chronology, thereby narrowing the gap between the end of the Old Babylonian period and, ca. J. Oelsner, Landvergabe im kassitischen Babylonien, in M. A. Dandamayev, I. Gershevitch, H. Klengel, G. Komorczy, M. T. Larsen, and J. N. Postgate, eds., Societies and Languages in the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honour of I.M. Excerpt from the Lexham Bible Dictionary, . The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. They slowly then began to make their way southward toward Babylon. There are very few filiations with the father bearing a Babylonian name. After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, two new empires rose to power. Other revealing information is provided by the Amarna letters, which include correspondence from the Kassite Babylonian kings to the Egyptian pharaohs of the mid-fourteenth century BC. 49, no. Gezer has been captured; Third Interim Report, 1944-5," Iraq, VIII, 1946, von Saldern, Axel. . Cushan-Rishathaim is mentioned in Judges 3:8 and God had used this ruler to punish his people for eight years before he releases them from his rule. They introduced war chariots, The Kassites were defeated by the Elamites in 1157 B.C. ). Iraq, vol. The city was built by Kurigalzu I (probably in the first quarter of the 15th century BCE). ; De Smet, 1990; De Graef, 1998, pp. Judges 8:33 records that after Gideon died, the Israelites turned from the Lord and worshiped Baals and made Baal-berith their God. They were divided into three main tribes, the Bit-Dakkuri, the Bit-Amukani, and the Bit-Jakin, against whom the Assyrians waged war in the ninth century B.C. KASSITES, a people who probably originated in the Zagros and who ruled Babylonia in the 16th-12th centuries BCE. 131 f.). Babylonia and the Bible, Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception, Vol 3. 111, no. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections makes a very strong argument that it is not representing Israel but the field is quite divided on this piece. Though the map was inscribed long after the demise of Old Babylonia, archaeological evidence has proven it remarkably accurate in showing the . and ruled the area for 576 years. When Burnaburia II died, his son Kara-harda succeeded him but was assassinated in a rebellion (1328 BCE). The Kassite penetration into Mesopotamia. Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the Second Dynasty of Isin. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. The private sector, i.e., free families and clans living in urban and rural settlements and represented in community assemblies, included private artisans. World History Encyclopedia. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. Remember that Hebrews existed before the Egyptian captivity. The city of Babylon had been a city-state in Mesopotamia for many years. P. Huber, P. Review of Gasche et al., Fall of Babylon, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46-47, 1999-2000, pp. Elamites and Assyrians attack Babylonia. [39][40][41], The Babylonian and Assyrian king lists mention eight or nine early Kassite rulers whose names are not fully known and who precede the following kings. 403-10. Learn how your comment data is processed. The Kassites, a tribe from the Zagros mountains in present-day Iran, arrived in Babylonia and filled a vacuum left by the Hittite invasion. One of its many anthropological and theological implications is that Genesis 10 and 11 are historically accurate. ISBN 0-521-563585. pp. J. [12] Several tablets dated to the reign of Agum III were found at the Dilmun site of Qal'at al-Bahrain. Omissions? Raphael Kutscher memorial volume, Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, Occasional Publications 1, Tel Aviv, 1993, pp. This region became increasingly unsafe, especially during the reign of Samsuditana, the last ruler of the Hammurabi dynasty. Twenty-fourth Dynasty of EgyptTefnakht Bakenranef, (Sargonid dynasty)Tiglath-Pileser Shalmaneser Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II, Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes. This should come at no surprise given the nature of god/goddess worship within the land. His body was never found and also coincidentally there was no chariots available for other wars for quite a while after that. 93, no. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. 2 And in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, the ninth day of the month, the city was broken up. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. [7], Documentation of the Kassite period depends heavily on the scattered and disarticulated tablets from Nippur, where thousands of tablets and fragments have been excavated.