why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558 why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. 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Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. Why religious compromise was so difficult. They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. The attack was a success. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. 214 High Street, - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. Boston House, The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. Roman Catholics . The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Born: 7 September 1533. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. From there we will look at the career . 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Europe. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. Those who refused this were sent to prison. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. J. . It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. Topic guides / This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. Spouse: None. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. Copy. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. Boston Spa, 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. - navy to firth of Forth. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. Spanish invasion plans. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of Company Reg no: 04489574. She was a Protestant. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. Dedicated to. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. Student / 214 High Street, Write a paragraph or two. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. Elizabeth I: a biography. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. Boston Spa, Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. Continue with Recommended Cookies. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. 14-16 / Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. Best Answer. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. Register for free, Home / More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. This increased tension between England and Spain. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots.