The slave trade was heaviest in the period 17001850, with an average of 76,000 people taken from Africa each year between 1783 and 1792. To . [73] An estimated 500,000 Nigerians would lose their lives due to the pandemic, severely decreasing production capabilities on Nigerian farms and plantations. A revelatory account of British imperialism's shameful impact on Africa's most populous state. The trend was toward the establishment of a parliamentary system of government, with regional assemblies and a federal House of Representatives. The British Conquest and Resistance of Sokoto Caliphate, 18971903 A.J. If adopted, his proposals can hardly be a permanent solution and I gather that Sir F. Lugard only regards them as temporaryat any rate in part. The British encouraged this secession, worsening the war even further. A lack of interest in extending the NPC beyond the Northern Region corresponded to this strictly regional orientation. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria They gathered information which was needed for policy-making in administration. Although it reserved effective power in the hands of the Governor-General and his appointed Executive Council, the so-called Richards Constitution (after Governor-General Sir Arthur Richards, who was responsible for its formulation) provided for an expanded Legislative Council empowered to deliberate on matters affecting the whole country. From 1815 to 1840, palm oil exports increased by a factor of 25, from 800 to 20,000 tons per year. The Fulani conquest and rule of the Hausa Kingdom of Northern Nigeria Colonialism and Development: A Comparative Analysis of Spanish and Sir Richmond Palmer, acting as Lieutenant Governor in the North, disagreed with Clifford and advocated the principles of Lugard and further decentralisation. [11], Britain's imperialistic posture became more aggressive towards the end of the century. Not wishing to appear out of control or weak, they approved the expedition (two days after it began) on 19 January 1903.,[47] In general, the Colonial Office allowed Lugard's expeditions to continue because they were framed as retaliatory and, as Olivier commented in 1906, "If the millions of people [in Nigeria] who do not want us there once get the notion that our people can be killed with impunity they will not be slow to attempt it."[48]. One 1885 treaty read: We, the undersigned King and Chiefs [] with the view to the bettering of the condition of our country and people, do this day cede to the National Africa Company (Limited), their heirs and assigns, forever, the whole of our territory [] We also give the said National African Company (Limited) full power to settle all native disputes arising from any cause whatever, and we pledge ourselves not to enter into any war with other tribes without the sanction of the said National Africa Company (Limited). Laird's efforts were stimulated by the detailed reports of a pioneer German explorer, Heinrich Barth, who travelled through much of Borno and the Sokoto Caliphate, where he recorded information about the region's geography, economy and inhabitants. FACTORS THAT LED TO NATIONALISM IN NIGERIA. It soon gained a virtual monopoly over trade along the River[11]. In time, they built depots onshore and eventually moved up the Niger River to establish stations in the interior. The Anglicans and other religious groups had a conscious "native church" policy to develop indigenous ecclesiastical institutions to become independent of Europeans. He aroused political awareness through his newspaper, the Lagos Daily News. ", Tamuno, T. N. (1970). He also led the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which dominated elections in Lagos from its founding in 1922 until the ascendancy of the National Youth Movement in 1938. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria The conference is popularly called "The Berlin Conference". The British wanted products like palm oil and palm kernel and export trade in tin, cotton, cocoa, groundnuts, palm oil and so on (Graham, 2009). These policies met with ongoing resistance. Seven Years' War | The Canadian Encyclopedia [50] In the same year, the British created the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF or WAFF), under the leadership of Colonel Frederick Lugard. As its head, the master trader taxed other traders who were members of his "house"; he maintained a war vessel, a large dugout canoe that could hold several tons of cargo and dozens of crew, for the defense of the harbor. The kingdom of Benin - BBC Bitesize If an eye is kept on the Gazettes as they come in this will enable us to warn him of any objections we may entertain to legislative proposals, and also give Liverpool and Manchester an opportunity of voicing their objections. However, in October 1929 in Oloko a census related to taxation was conducted, and the women in the area suspected that this was a prelude to the extension of direct taxation, which had been imposed on the men the previous year. He argued that the division into two separate colonies was advisable unless a stronger central government could bind Nigeria into more than just an administrative convenience for the three regions. Military Conquest | West-African Colonial Administration [73] The spread of the disease was quick and deadly, with an estimated 1.5% of the population of Lagos falling victim. The most striking departure was in the Northern Region, where special provisions brought the regional constitution into consonance with Islamic law and custom. emblemhealth medicare customer service; did cody webster play college baseball 0 Home. The most powerful figure in the party was Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto. Colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British Empire from the mid-nineteenth century until 1960 when Nigeria achieved independence. Instead, the companies had to be content with a monopoly of the export trade in these products. Its final leg enabled it to meet another line, constructed 19071911, running from Baro, through Minnia, to Kano. 1833 - The abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire. The Action Group was thus the heir of a generation of flourishing cultural consciousness among the Yoruba and also had valuable connections with commercial interests that were representative of the comparative economic advancement of the Western Region. At first, they lived in small family groups, but gradually these groups developed into a. At the urging of Governor Frederick Lugard, the two territories were amalgamated as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, while maintaining considerable regional autonomy among the three major regions (Northern protectorate, Southern protectorate and the Colony of Lagos). Some were deposed, some were defeated in battle, and others collaborated. [32] This included a river fleet which it used for retaliatory attacks on uncooperative villages. The Reconquista, or reconquest, refers to the 800 years of violence and expulsion of Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula after the failed Crusades. In May of this year, Herbert J. In a sense, you can say that the British were the cause of the Biafran Civil War which happened in Nigeria from 1967 to 1970. The neglect of traditional institutions. Wartime experiences provided a new frame of reference for many soldiers, who interacted across ethnic boundaries in ways that were unusual in Nigeria. Whenever a trader had become successful enough to keep a war canoe, he was expected to form his own "house". [8] Azikiwe was installed as Governor-General of the federation and Balewa continued to serve as head of a democratically elected parliamentary, but now completely sovereign, government. Nigerian recruits participated in the war effort as labourers and soldiers. Whereas Lugard had applied lessons learned in the north to the administration of the south, Clifford was prepared to extend to the north practices that had been successful in the south. The yoruba-Igbo rivalry became increasingly important in Nigerian politics. Colonialism is both a practice and a word that means so much to Nigeria. Portuguese Roman Catholic priests who accompanied traders and officials to the West African coast introduced Christianity to the Edo Empire in the fifteenth century. The National Youth Movement used nationalist rhetoric to agitate for improvements in education. "Nigerian Forces Comforts Fund, 19401947: 'The Responsibility of the Nigerian Government to Provide Funds for the Welfare of Its Soldiers'. The militias and RWAFF battalions were reorganized into the RWAFF Nigeria Regiment.[62]. The Northern People's Congress (NPC) was organised in the late 1940s by a small group of Western-educated Northern Nigerians. The NPC, entering candidates only in the Northern Region, confined campaigning largely to local issues but opposed the addition of new regimes. Initially, most palm oil (and later kernels) came from Igboland, where palm trees formed a canopy over the densely inhabited areas of the Ngwa, Nri Kingdom, Awka and other Igbo peoples. Any activity in the north that might include participation by the federal government (and consequently by southern civil servants) was regarded as a challenge to the primacy of the emirates. Spain was driven by three main motivations. [73], Due to the failure of the sanitation officers in Lagos, the virus would continue to spread throughout the southern provinces throughout September and finally make its way into the hinterlands by October. The British captured Kano in 1903. Davies and Nnamdi Azikiwe. In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria from his six-year term as Governor of Hong Kong, to oversee the merger of the northern and southern protectorates. European slave trading from West Africa began before 1650, with people taken at a rate of about 3,000 per year. Although churchmen in Britain had been influential in the drive to abolish the slave trade, significant missionary activity for Africa did not develop until the 1840s. The essential basis of this system was a money economyspecifically the British pound sterlingwhich could be demanded through taxation, paid to cooperative natives, and levied as a fine. France sold Louisiana to the United States in 1803, the same year that it gave up on trying to regain Saint-Domingue from the Haitian Revolution. The Southern Protectorate financed itself from the outset, with revenue increasing from 361,815 to 1,933,235 over the same period. This line was extended to Oshogbo, 100 kilometres (62mi) away, in 19051907, and to Zungeru and Minna in 19081911. Rather than seeing themselves as Zulu, Xhoasa, Sotho, etc, nationalist leaders wanted Africans to view themselves as South Africans. Most Europeans tended to overlook their own differences and were surprised and shocked that Nigerians wanted to develop new denominations independent of European control. Military Conquest. Britain annexed Lagos in 1861 and established the Oil River Protectorate in 1884. 4. The appointment of Joseph Chamberlain as colonial secretary in 1895 especially marked a shift towards new territorial ambitions of the British Empire. Offers a bold rethink: a clear-eyed, unromanticized history of colonial Nigeria written by a Nigerian. He was prepared to introduce educational and economic changes to strengthen the north. In 1920, portions of former German Cameroon were mandated to Britain by the League of Nations and were administered as part of Nigeria. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria Colonial Nigeria - Wikipedia It was supported not only by the income from huge agricultural surpluses but also by a new range of direct and indirect taxes imposed during the 1950s. The Conquest (La Conqute) is a term used to describe the acquisition of Canada by Great Britain during the Seven Years' War.It also refers to the resulting conditio 2. The Crusades and the Reconquista cemented religious intolerance, and the Christians looked to colonization partly as a means of continuing religious conquests. His objective was to conquer the entire region and to obtain recognition of the British protectorate by its indigenous rulers, especially the Fulani emirs of the Sokoto Caliphate. 1819 - Singapore founded by Sir Stamford Raffles. [11], By the 1880s, the National African Company became the dominant commercial power, increasing from 19 to 39 stations between 1882 and 1893. [58], Some of these public work projects were accomplished with the help of forced labour from native black Africans, referred to as "Political Labour". Far from that, NEPU political struggles transformed the Nigerian Independence struggle from the fight against the British to a fight against both the British and the local agents of the British (the Aristocracy). Doctrine of Lapse. To some extent, competition amongst these companies undermined their collective position vis--vis, local merchants. In the north Frederick Lugard, the first high commissioner of Northern Nigeria, was instrumental in subjugating the Fulani emirs. The traders suffered from the risks of their position and believed they were at the mercy of the coastal rulers, whom they considered unpredictable. What Britain Did to Nigeria - Max Siollun - Oxford University Press The principal commodities of legitimate trade were palm oil and palm kernels, which were used in Europe to make soap and as lubricants for machinery before petroleum products were developed for that purpose. Trained as an army officer, he had served in India, Egypt and East Africa, where he expelled Arab slave traders from Nyasaland and established British presence in Uganda. The introduction of the federal principle, with deliberative authority devolved on the regions, signalled recognition of the country's diversity. The Industrial Revolution was a period of scientific and technological development in the 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societiesespecially in Europe and North America . By 1903 the conquest of the emirates was complete. Africans also were represented on the Lagos Legislative Council, a largely appointed assembly. David Ellis, "African and European relations in the last century of the transatlantic slave trade"; in Ptr-Grenouilleau. England would forever be changed politically, economically, and socially as a result. In November 1908, Bergheim reported striking oil; in September 1909, he reported extracting 2,000 barrels per day. [56], Walter Egerton's sixfold agenda for 1908, as detailed on 29 November 1907, in a telegram to the Colonial Office, is representative of British priorities. On a subsequent expedition to the Sokoto Caliphate, Scottish explorer Hugh Clapperton learned about the mouth of the Niger River, and where it reached the sea, but after suffering malaria, depression and dysentery, he died before confirming it. Protestant sects had flourished in Christianity since the Protestant Reformation; the emergence of independent Christian churches in Nigeria (as of black denominations in the United States) was another phase of this history. Missionary forces demanded prohibition of liquor, which proved highly unpopular. The Headquarters of Gombe emirate was Gombe-Abba[15] until when the then Emir of Gombe, Umaru Kwairanga (18981922), was forced to move from Gombe-Abba, a town founded by his grandfather and the founder of Gombe Emirate, Modibbo Bubayero, to Nafada town in 1913, and then to the current Gombe in 1919, that was after Gombe Emirate was conquered by British colonialists in 1903. Political opposition to colonial rule often assumed religious dimensions. British business interests wanted to use this to create a monopoly over the industry, but Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's Liberal government and subsequent war coalition favored allowing international free trade. The Norman conquest in 1066 was the last successful conquest of England. The delta masked the mouth of the great river, and for centuries Nigerians chose not to tell Europeans the secrets of the interior. In 1851 deposed king Akintoye of Lagos sought British help in restoring him to the throne. [9] Administration and military control of the territory was conducted primarily by white Britons, both in London and in Nigeria. E-mail: tundeoduwobi@yahoo.com Recibido: 15 Marzo 2011 / Revisado: 7 Abril 2011 / Aceptado: 17 Abril . In the north, the emirs intended to maintain firm control on economic and political change. Inconsistencies in British policy reinforced existing cleavages based on regional animosities, as the British tried both to preserve the indigenous cultures of each area and to introduce modern technology, and Western political and social concepts. (Specifically it would enable direct subsidy of the less profitable Northern jurisdiction.) Additionally. [73] In direct reaction to the epidemic, colonial authorities allowed African doctors and medical personnel to work with influenza patients due to the severity of the situation. Adam Smith wrote in 1776 that the African societies were better established and more populous than those of the Americas, thus creating a more formidable barrier to European expansion. He insisted on maintaining the territorial integrity of the Northern Region. 1839 - The Opium Wars between China and Britain, resulting from the trade of opium leading to widespread addictions. "The Hidden Hand of Overrule: Political Agents and the Establishment of British Colonial Rule in Northern Nigeria, 18861914". In the face of threats to the divided Yoruba states from Dahomey and the Sokoto Caliphate, as represented by the emirate of Ilorin, the British Governorassisted by the CMSsucceeded in imposing peace settlements on the interior. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria Some European traders switched to legitimate business only when the commerce in slaves became too hazardous. In the name of liberating the Igbos from the Aro Confederacy, the British launched the Anglo-Aro War of 19011902. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria Support for broad Nigerian concerns occupied a clear second place. [59], Lugard advocated constantly for the unification of the whole territory, and in August 1911 the Colonial Office asked Lugard to lead the amalgamated colony.[60]. A third type of organisation that was more pointedly political was the youth or student group, which became the vehicle of intellectuals and professionals. Balewa was called on to head an NPC-NCNC coalition government, and Awolowo became the official leader of the opposition. [38][39], In 1892 the British Armed Forces set out to fight the Ijebu Kingdom, which had resisted missionaries and foreign traders. Nigeria: From Colonization To Decolonization | Afrolady Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. 0 Wishlist. These recourses were considered a necessity to the industrialization of the world . [17] In 1767, British traders facilitated a notorious massacre of hundreds of people at Calabar after inviting them onto their ships, ostensibly to settle a local dispute. French Roman Catholic missionaries, established in Ouidah (Whydah), arrived in Lagos and considered missionary work on the Niger. In large measure, European missionaries assumed the value of colonial rule in terms of promoting education, health and welfare measures, thereby effectively reinforcing colonial policy. Aside from the possibility of treasure, the European governments aimed to find a passage through the Americas to Asia. What Were the Effects of the British Taking Over Africa? - The Classroom From January 1914 onwards, the newly united colony and protectorate was presided over by a proconsul, who was entitled the Governor-General of Nigeria.
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